English Lesson 16

English 5
Lesson 16

Assignment

1. In the following sentences, identify the words that have prefixes and list both the base word and the prefix.
Nina was unconcerned about her library book being late.
This caused disapproval among the library staff.
They misunderstood Nina’s feelings.
Nina had prearranged to keep the nonfiction book for an extra week.
The person who knew about her arrangement had been replaced.

Root Prefix
#1 concerned un-
#2 approval dis-
#3 understood mis-
#4 & #5 arranged, pre-,
fiction non-
#6 placed re-

2. Now compose five of your own sentences using base words with prefixes. Try to think of your own words; if possible, don’t repeat any of the words that have been used as examples so far. Can you think of some other prefixes that weren’t mentioned here?
George pre-ordered his bike. Caeden has been removed from the hospital. All non-avian animals have been taken away from the garden. I laugh at unsuitable times. That black cat has been abandoned and abused.


English 5
Lesson 16
GRAMMAR

Indefinite and Relative Pronouns
Remember what you learned in Lesson 11 about pronouns? Let's review briefly:
A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun. Pronouns are more "generic" than regular nouns - meaning they are used more "generally" to describe people, places, and things without having to actually name them individually. The most common pronouns are:
I-me-myself
we-us-ourselves
you-yourself
he-him-himself
she-her-herself
it
they-them-themselves
The common possessive pronouns are:
my, mine
our, ours
your, yours
his, hers
its
their, theirs
Indefinite Pronouns
Now, let's consider a related class of pronoun called the indefinite pronoun.
The indefinite pronoun means pretty much what it appears to mean - it's a pronoun that stands for something that is indefinite - undefined, inexact. The indefinite pronoun doesn't substitute for a specific noun, but functions like a noun all by itself. Consider these common indefinite pronouns:
everybody/everyone
anybody/anyone
somebody/someone
all
each
some
none
nothing
one
Notice how words like everybody and anybody and some aren't very specific. Even so, these words stand for (take the place of) nouns, and so are rightly classified as pronouns. Let's look at some sample sentences using indefinite pronouns:
Everybody sings the blues in one way or another.
One should always wear a seatbelt.
Is anyone going to the beach Saturday?
I would like some.
To each his own.
All aboard!
Nothing beats a beautiful spring day.
Notice how each indefinite pronoun in these sentences refers to something non-specific.
Pronoun-Verb Agreement
Though the indefinite pronouns typically stand for an indefinite number of people, in grammar usage they are either singular or plural, and therefore the verbs that accompany them are either the singular or plural forms.

Assignment

Compose five sentences using at least five different indefinite pronouns.
“Okay, everybody get in the car!”
“Run! It is coming!”
“I’d like one.”
“Someone is screaming!”
“Anyone?! Help me, I’m dying!”



Relative Pronouns
Another important class of pronouns is called the relative pronouns. These commonly used pronouns relate or connect one part of a sentence to another. These are some common relative pronouns:
· who/whoever
· whom/whomever
· that

1. Who/Whoever. The word who (or whoever) connects the subject (noun or noun phrase) of the sentence to the verb (action) of the sentence, for example:
The person who finishes dinner first gets to serve dessert.
Whoever finishes dinner first gets to serve dessert.
In the above sentences, who and whoever relate or connect the noun, person, with the action, finishes dinner first. Just to make this fun, you can combine an indefinite pronoun with a relative pronoun in the same sentence. For example:
Everyone who tries their best will receive an award of recognition.

2. Whom/Whomever. Whom is similar to who, but is used when the pronoun is the object (receiver of the action in the sentence), not the subject (the doer). Example:
Sally did not know to whom she should mail the letter.
Whom refers to the receiver of the action of mailing the letter.
Carol can ask whomever she wants to the mall.Whomever refers to the receiver of Carol's action of asking.

3. That. That is one of the most common relative pronouns. It simply connects a noun phrase with the action in a sentence. Examples:
I know that you overheard my conversation.
Make sure that you bring plenty of water on your hike.
This is the house that Jack built.
The weatherman predicts that we will have frost in the late spring.
Everyone is excited that vacation starts soon.
The fingerprint evidence shows that Karl ate the last cookie in the cookie jar.
Have you found the book that you were looking for?
It's frustrating that I have to walk all the way back home to get my wallet.
Notice in each sentence how that connects or relates the first part of the sentence with what comes after it.
That can also be used to connect a noun phrase with a further description of the noun. Consider the following sentence:
· The new song that Amy likes is on the radio. That relates back to song.
Notice how the relative pronoun modifies the noun.
That and Who. That and who can often be interchanged when the pronoun is referring to a person. Examples:
· We would like to congratulate the person that won the spelling bee.
· We would like to congratulate the person who won the spelling bee.
Using either pronoun is okay.

Assignment

2. Choose the correct relative pronoun for each sentence:
Who should I give the newspaper to?
Who did you meet after school?
Everyone who sold tickets gets into the concert for free.
The winner will be whoever eats the most pies.
The winner will be whoever the council decides.
Who should be notified in case of an accident?
Sylvester is the baseball player who hit a home run last night.
Who do you suppose left the lights on?
I can play chess with whomever you choose.


3. For each of the following sentences, insert the appropriate relative pronoun. Note: some of these sentences will sound okay without the relative pronoun that, but you should insert it anyway.
The full moon that rises at dawn always makes me feel dreamy the whole day.
Give the check to the person that is wearing the uniform.
I know that I can count on you.
Whom guesses the correct amount of jelly beans in this jar, wins the jar.
The President indicated in his speech that he would solve the problem of poverty in America.
Everyone who wants to play soccer, please come with me.
The bicycle that Bill was riding was quite rusty.

English 5
Lesson 16

LITERATURE
Poetry Forms

ACQUAINTED WITH THE NIGHT
I have been one acquainted with the night.
I have walked out in rain — and back in rain.
I have outwalked the furthest city light.
I have looked down the saddest city lane.
I have passed by the watchman on his beat
And dropped my eyes, unwilling to explain.
I have stood still and stopped the sound of feet
When far away an interrupted cry
Came over houses from another street,
But not to call me back or say good-bye;
And further still at an unearthly height,
One luminary clock against the sky
Proclaimed the time was neither wrong nor right.
I have been one acquainted with the night.


A FEW STYLES OF POETRY
There are many different ways to write poetry. The form contains the emotions and pictures found in poems. A few forms are described below.

Haiku
Haiku is a Japanese form of poetry. Three lines in total, with the first line containing 5 syllables, the second line containing 7 syllables, and the final line containing 5 syllables – 17 syllables in all. (What's a little confusing is that English translations of Japanese haiku often do not have 17 syllables.) Often haiku is written about nature or the seasons.
The haiku tries to capture a 'word-picture,' a verbal snapshot that hints at a particular emotion, a special insight echoing a moment of beauty.
Haiku must present events or experiences from real life, not the imagination. Read the following haiku by Basho.

A solitary crow on a bare branch
autumn evening at the ancient pond
a frog plunges into
the sound of water long conversations
beside blooming irises
joys of life on the road


Couplet
A couplet is two lines of a poem that rhyme. Often, a couplet is part of a longer poem. A familiar poem written in couplets is from Robert Frost:

The old dog barks backwards without getting up
I can remember when he was a pup.

When writing a couplet, be sure that the last word of the first and second lines rhymes.

Limerick
A limerick is a five-line poem in which lines 1, 2, and 5 rhyme with each other, and lines 3 and 4 rhyme with each other and may be shorter than lines 1, 2, and 5. Often, line 5 is nearly the same as line 1. Limericks are usually light-hearted poems, and are sometimes downright silly. Example:

The Dancing Dragon
There was a green dragon named Joe.
He loved to dance very slow.
He teamed up with a worm
Who made him squirm,
That dancing green dragon named Joe!

Cinquain
A cinquain is a five-line poem that does not rhyme. Some cinquains have specific numbers or types of words in each line, and others have a specific number of syllables per line. Here are the three kinds:
Line 1 is a noun; line 2 is two adjectives describing the noun in line 1; line 3 is three verbs ending in “ing” which show action that somehow relates to the noun in line 1; line 4 is a short statement about line 3; line 5 is a noun that is a different way of saying the noun in line 1. Example:

Spring
Spring
Green, wet
Changing, sprouting, growing
Renewal of life
April

Line 1 has two syllables; line 2 has four syllables; line 3 has six syllables; line 4 has eight syllables; line 5 has two syllables. Example:

Sprite
Dancing
Light and airy
High up on pointed toes
Reaching for your favorite star
Flying

Line 1 has one word (which introduces the poem and may also be the title); line 2 has two words (which describe the title); line 3 has three words (which show action); line 4 has four words (which show feeling); line 5 has one word (which summarizes the poem and relates to the first line). Example:

Munchers
Worms
Soft, slimy
Crawling and exploring
Happy below the surface
Eating

Assignment

1. Select one of the poetry forms mentioned above to write your own poem. After you have finished, slowly read the poem aloud. (Enunciate the words. Don't mumble or garble your words, and don't race towards the finish!) Memorize your poem and recite it to at least three different people.
LOOK! Rhyming Dictionary! Click for an online rhyming dictionary. Just type in the word you want to find a rhyme for, and get a list of words that rhyme!

Couplet:
The cat licks his paw without a care
Until he sees a big black bear.


Think of one of your favorite topics. If you were to write a poem about it, which poetry form would you use, and why?

I’d write a Haikou because Couplets are too short, Cinquains don’t have any sentences at all, and Limerecks are too light-hearted and sarcastic. If I had the choice to, I’d write a free verse.